By definition, an elevator (called a "hoist" in the UK) is a platform or enclosure that is raised and lowered in a vertical shaft to transport people and goods. The shaft contains the operating equipment: motors, cables, and accessories. But as we've just seen, this tedious description belies the ineffable importance of the elevator.
The idea of a mechanical system for raising and lowering people and cargo is ancient. Primitive elevators were in use as early as the 3rd century BC and were driven by humans, animals, or water wheels. In 1743, workers built a counterweight human elevator inside the Palace of Versailles. It connects the apartment of King Louis XV of France with the apartment on the upper floor, which was the residence of his mistress, Madame Chateauroux.
Mechanically operated elevators began to appear in the 19th century. They are used to lift people and equipment in factories, mines, and warehouses. These industrial elevators are usually powered by steam engines.
In 1846, William Armstrong introduced hydraulic lifts (hydraulic cranes) to England, which began to replace steam-powered lifts by the 1870s. A heavy-duty piston that moves inside the cylinder raises and lowers the housing. However, Armstrong's elevator was extremely limited in height.
The history of powered elevators in the United States begins in 1850. Using original equipment for hoisting ropes to move cargo between two adjacent floors of a New York City building. In 1853, inventor Elisha Otis demonstrated how a safety brake could stop an elevator from falling if the hoisting rope broke. This marked the advent of what we think of as the modern elevator. A combination of cables, rather than pistons, plus safety brakes, made it possible to use elevators (and the public's confidence in elevators) in ever-taller buildings.
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